President Trump’s decision to implement a blanket pause on foreign aid, grants, loans, and other forms of federal financial assistance that may conflict with his administration’s agenda presents a significant challenge to Congress, which is responsible for approving and directing the allocation of these funds.
While it is customary for presidents to submit requests to Congress for spending taxpayer money in line with their governing objectives, the Constitution grants the legislative branch exclusive authority over financial appropriations. This means that in matters of federal spending, lawmakers are tasked with making decisions, while the executive branch is expected to execute their directives.
Historically, tensions have arisen between presidents and Congress regarding this arrangement, particularly when administrations choose to withhold funds that lawmakers have designated for spending—a practice known as impoundment. Mr. Trump’s broad approach may challenge the statutory guidelines that limit presidential actions against Congress regarding spending.
Congress holds the responsibility of determining funding priorities and the amounts allocated. The Constitution designates Congress with the power of the purse, as outlined in Article I, which states, “no money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by law.” Spending bills must originate in the House of Representatives and require approval from both the House and Senate before being signed into law by the president.
Traditionally, Congress aims to pass spending bills annually, supplemented by emergency appropriations as needed. However, the federal government is currently operating under a continuing resolution that extends funding levels until a deadline set by lawmakers, which expires on March 14.
The president’s role involves requesting funds and overseeing their expenditure. Presidential administrations typically submit budget requests at the beginning of the calendar year to outline their priorities and influence congressional appropriations. They may also request additional funds for unforeseen circumstances, such as military actions or natural disasters.
The White House is responsible for managing the distribution of appropriated funds, ensuring compliance with congressionally mandated limits, and adhering to the intended purposes of the spending as outlined by lawmakers.
While presidents can contest Congress’s spending decisions, there are established limits. Many presidents have attempted to delay or rescind funding, and Mr. Trump’s advisers have argued for his inherent power to halt federal spending. However, the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 outlines specific procedures that presidents must follow to defer or rescind funds, which include notifying Congress with detailed reasons and timelines for any proposed changes.
Democratic lawmakers have expressed strong opposition to Mr. Trump’s actions, labeling them unlawful and reckless. In contrast, some Republican leaders support his decision to freeze foreign aid, claiming it aligns with his electoral mandate. The response of Congress will be pivotal, as they hold the ultimate authority to approve or reject the president's actions regarding federal funds.